Will

  1. Will表达“预测”，[外在情态]，进一步分为以下四种情形

1）Will 表达对将来的预测，如：

Family will be better off under the new law. 新法律将让家庭小康。

What will the city look like in the future? 城市将会是个什么样子？

2）Will表达对当下的预测，如：

That will be the postman ringing.按铃的是邮差。

That will be 50 pence, please. 您消费了50便士。

3）Will表达对物质习性的预测，如：

Oil will float on top of the water because of the oil&39;s lower density.

因为油的密度更低,所以油会浮在水上面。

If it&39;s made of wood it will float.

这要是木材做的就能浮在水面上。

Engines won&39;t run without lubricants.

没有润滑油发动机就不能运转。

4）Will表达人的习惯或典型行为，如：

She will talk for hours if you let her.

Every weekend, he would go home.

She&39;ll listen to music, alone in her room, for hours.

她总是独自一个人在屋里听音乐，一听就是几个小时。

He would spend hours on the telephone.

他一打电话往往就是几个小时。

  1. Will 表达“意愿（volition）”，[内在情态]，进一步分为低、中、高三种程度，我们分别称之为“乐意（willingness）”、“愿意（intention）”和“执意（insistence）”

1）Will表达低程度的“乐意”

表达“乐意”程度的情态含义时，will常用于请求或提议中，如果用would会显得更加礼貌。Will 往往与主语缩略成一个单词，如：

I’ll do it if you like.

I’ll venture five shillings on it.我赌5先令。

Would you like to go with me?

2）表达中程度的“愿意”，与主语可以缩略在一起，如：

I’ll make the call as soon as I can.

We won’t stay longer than two hours.

3)表达高程度的“决意”，它不能与主语缩略，一般重读，如：

She will keep asking me the same question.

If you will help us, we’ll be grateful.

We will never allow that to happen again.

shall

  1. Shall表达“意愿”，[内在情态]

按照传统的教学语法，shall表达意愿的情态含义时，仅用在第一人称后，如：

I shall miss him terribly. 我会非常想念他。

I shall keep an eye on his behavior.

We shall never forget the beauty of the place.

在转化为Shall we...? 或Shall I...?问句时，shall的含义由“意愿”转为“义务”，如：

Shall we stop talking about her?

Shall we let him in on the secret?

或就共同进行的活动提出建议，如：

Shall we go for a drink after work?

Shall we drive or go by train?

Shall we order some coffee?

2. Shall 表达外在情态

1）在第一人称后，shall可表示预测，如：

When and where shall we meet?

When shall we know the result of the competition?

We shall be landing in Paris in 16 minutes, exactly on time.

2)在第二人称后， shall表达“承诺”或“警示”，如：

You shall bring your weight down to what be normal.

你会把体重减至正常水平的。

You shall get what I have promised. 你会得到我承诺的一切。

You shall put the book where it be.你摆把书放在原来的地方。

You shall not make this speech. 你不该做这个讲演。

3）在第三人称后，shall表达“警告”，如：

He shall be punished if he disobeys.

这种含义常用于法律、规则或合同之中。例如【版本1】不是法律条文，而【版本2】则是法律原文：

【版本1】 All legislative powers herein granted are vested in a Congress of the United States, which consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

【版本2】All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。